At the peak of the Ice Age, some 16,000 years ago, a large part of the water that makes up today’s seas was captured in the ice caps that covered vast areas of the Earth’s northern hemisphere. At that time, the sea-level was as much as 120 metres lower than today: the Adriatic was just a gulf that ended somewhere around today’s town of Zadar in Dalmatia, and its present northern part was a spacious steppe, a rich hunting area inhabited my many beasts that are today extinct, like the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, aurochs and European bison. Today’s coastal mountains, like U\u010dka, were at the time several hundred kilometres from the sea, and covered with thick pine forests. Their peaks were often wrapped in a permanent covering of ice. As such, these mountains did not represent particularly interesting habitats for the small human communities of hunter-gatherers.<\/p>\n
Then, some 13,000 years ago, this situation started changing quickly \u2013 rapid warming marked the end of the Ice Age, ice started withdrawing from the European continent, and water began filling the former wide steppes. This change was very dramatic for the people of that time \u2013 the Adriatic coastline could move several kilometres during a lifetime!<\/p>\n
Driven back by the incoming water and encouraged by the warming that made the mountains more accessible, small groups of people began inhabiting the U\u010dka area and using it as a seasonal hunting ground and home. The Pupi\u0107ina pe\u0107 and Vela pe\u0107 cave complex<\/strong>\u00a0in Vela draga is one of the most important Croatian archaeological sites from that period. Certain items dating back 12,000 years confirm that a small community of people, consisting of only a few dozen individuals, would come to these caves mostly in the autumn to hunt deer, wild boars and aurochs.<\/p>\n Slika iz Pupi\u0107ine pe\u0107i<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Ledenjak<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Pragovedo<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Mamut<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Karta Jadrana<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”the-beginnings-of-environmental-management” _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”0dde398e-b9b1-4181-9db9-5507a180521a”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default”]Some 7,500 years ago, cattle-breeding, and then agriculture as well, moved from Anatolia (Asia Minor) to the Adriatic coast, irreversibly changing the way of life of human communities and their natural environment.<\/em><\/p>\n Global warming and environmental changes were followed by changes in the human way of life. In that period, conditions emerged that made survival possible regardless of the favour of nature or hunting success. Some 10,000 years ago, human communities in the Middle East domesticated some of the animals they previously had hunted, such as wild sheep and goats, and soon after that began growing their own crops, thus ensuring for the first time their own source of food. This was the beginning of the Neolithic or New Stone Age.<\/p>\n It took several thousand years more to extend these new practices to the northern Adriatic area \u2013 a time when the sea for the most part had reached its dimensions as we know them today. However, the first cattle-breeders that came here found quite a different landscape. The first thing they had to do was to clear the dense mountain forests to create pastures for their herds. This is how the first, wide\u00a0mountain pastures<\/strong>\u00a0came into being, such as the valley of Gospin dol and Sapa\u0107ica. These pastures are today recognisable landmarks of the mountains of U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija. This was the beginning of the cattle-breeding way of life that has continued right up to the present day.<\/p>\n At first, sheep and goats were raised primarily for meat. However, ceramics and bones found in the Neolithic layer of the cave of\u00a0Pupi\u0107ina pe\u0107<\/strong>\u00a0indicate that local shepherds soon mastered the techniques of milk processing. A large number of ceramic vessels that were used for milking, and the disproportionately large number of bones of young animals that had been eaten, indicate that people tried to preserve as much milk as possible for consumption and processing.<\/p>\n These shepherds pursued a partly nomadic way of life that has survived among sheep breeders right up to the present day: depending on the season and grazing conditions, they would migrate with their herds between established pastures at various sites and elevations above sea-level. Only the later arrival of the first agricultural cultures into this area created the conditions for establishing permanent settlements that resembled our present-day villages.<\/p>\n Pa\u0161njak<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Pa\u0161njak s ovcama<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Kerami\u010dki nalazi<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”the-bronze-age-a-period-of-flourishing-and-turmoil” _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”0dde398e-b9b1-4181-9db9-5507a180521a” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n The discovery of metals contributed to the flourishing of trade, but also led to the growing military power of human communities. This period marked the arrival of the first conquerors, the first local kingdoms and tribal alliances.<\/em><\/p>\n The next major innovation in the human way of life and the managing of resources was the discovery of metals \u2013 copper at first, and shortly afterwards its tin alloy, bronze. Due to their hardness and ductility, metals facilitated the development of various new tools and weapons, which led to the further development of agriculture, but also to the strengthening of military power. The production of bronze encouraged the development of trade throughout the Europe of that time: the metals that make up this alloy, tin and copper, are very rarely found in the same spot, which means obtaining these materials requires trading with distant regions.<\/p>\n Due to the invention of the plough and the overall progress of farming, agricultural societies started producing surplus food, sufficient for those in the population that were not engaged in its production, such as the warriors, rulers or clergy. Such cultures spread and migrated at the cost of less-developed indigenous populations, resulting in the arrival to Istria and Liburnia of the Indo-European ethnic group, which today makes up the majority of Europe\u2019s population. With the arrival of these newcomers, the former simple human communities gave way to the first local kingdoms and tribal alliances that left their mark on the landscape of U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija by building many hill forts that were used to control trade routes or as refuges during the frequent periods of war.<\/p>\n Most prominent among the newcomers were the Illyrian peoples of the Histrians and the Liburnians, whose territories were demarcated by the ridge of Mount U\u010dka. Despite the fact that they never developed literacy and high culture, these peoples lived at the margin of the ancient world thanks to trade with the Greeks and Etruscans, and adopted many of the aesthetic characteristics and customs of their more developed neighbouring cultures.<\/p>\n Gradina PP U\u010dka<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Gradine<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Karta gradina<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Nezakcij<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”pax-romana-and-the-period-of-abundance” _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”0dde398e-b9b1-4181-9db9-5507a180521a” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n After the Roman conquest, Istria and Liburnia entered the period of written history. Roads were built over the mountain passes, and the increasing demand for food from the newly built towns and the large army required a more intensive type of cattle-breeding and agriculture.<\/em><\/p>\n After taking over the whole Apennine peninsula in the 3rd\u00a0century BC, the Roman Republic continued spreading all the way to the borders of the Histrian kingdom. It wasn\u2019t long before this small neighbour, which stood in the way of expansion to the east, became the target of further conquest. In 177 BC, under the pretext of Histrian piracy, Roman legions surrounded the Histrian capital, Nesactium, and conquered it after a siege that resulted in the suicide of the Histrian king Epulon. Soon after that, the provinces of the neighbouring region of Liburnia also became part of the Roman Republic, which means that the whole area around U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija now became officially part of the ancient world and its written history. In the long period of peace that followed, many Illyrian towns became Roman urban centres, and some new settlements were also established.<\/p>\n The Roman conquest had only an indirect effect on U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija for the most part. There are no significant traces of Roman architecture on the mountain itself; however, to connect Italy with the eastern provinces, two roads were built over it: the Via Flavia, which connected Pula and Tarsatica over the Prodol pass above Ko\u017eljak, and the Via Secondaria, which connected Liburnia with the towns in Italy over the Poklon pass.<\/p>\n The rapid growth of urban centres throughout the Roman Empire, as well as the demand for food from the vast military apparatus, encouraged a more effective agricultural use of land. Archaeological finds from the caves of U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija attest to extensive sheep-farming activities in this area, and traces in the erosion layers indicate a large expansion of pasture and agricultural areas during that period.<\/p>\n One specific heritage of the Roman times are the two cheeses known as\u00a0u\u010dkarski sir and \u0107i\u010dki sir<\/strong>, whose present recipe does not vary much from the Roman records that describe production of this hard cheese. The production of this cheese, called\u00a0Caseus formatum<\/em>\u00a0(literally \u201cmoulded cheese\u201d), was standardised because it formed part of the Roman legions\u2019 daily ration. Following the Roman conquests, this cheese started being produced in many parts of the Mediterranean and Europe, where it later adopted some local features. This led to the creation of a variety of famous European cheeses that we still know today \u2013 among them the cheeses locally known as \u201cu\u010dkarski sir\u201d and \u201c\u0107i\u010dki sir\u201d.<\/p>\n Proizvodnja sira<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Proizvodnja sira<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Proizvodnja sira<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Proizvodnja sira<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Proizvodnja sira<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Karta s rimskim cestama<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”the-middle-ages” _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”0dde398e-b9b1-4181-9db9-5507a180521a” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n After losing the protection that coastal areas enjoyed under the Roman state, the mountain again becomes a place of refuge and safety. Migration changes the ethnic composition of this area and brings in the ancestors of the present Croats.<\/em><\/p>\n In the 5th century AD, the period of peace secured by the Roman Empire finally drew to an end. The decline of the empire was followed by a series of barbarian invasions and devastation, which made life along the coast so unsafe that local people moved up into the mountains. This was a time when ancient sites, such as the\u00a0<\/span>Oporovina<\/strong>\u00a0complex of caves above Medveja, were settled anew as places of refuge. Forts and refuges were built, and small fortified urban centres emerged which would eventually become medieval communes, such as Brse\u010d, Mo\u0161\u0107enice, Lovran and Veprinac.<\/p>\n Perhaps the most important event in the Early Middle Ages for this area was the arrival of Slavic tribes in the final years of the Migration Period. An important reminder of that era is the\u00a0sacred area of the old Slavic religion<\/strong>\u00a0in the hinterland of Mo\u0161\u0107enice, between the hamlet of\u00a0Trebi\u0161\u0107a<\/strong>\u00a0and Mount Perun. Local toponomy is imbued with terms from the Old Slavic myths, indicating that the first Slavic settlers on Kvarner gave this landscape a sacred relevance.<\/p>\n In the 10th century, U\u010dka was the border between the Croatian Kingdom and the Frankish Empire, and later in history, this area became the subject of struggles and demarcation among many states and the changing feudal rulers of the Istrian and Liburnian territory. A series of\u00a0fortifications and castles<\/strong>\u00a0remind of that period. These were mainly built in strategic locations that had previously been used as hill forts. The most prominent example within U\u010dka Nature Park is the fort of Ko\u017eljak, built around the 11th century by Frankish vassals.<\/p>\n At the end of the Middle Ages, in the 15th\u00a0century, some of the mountainous parts of Istria that had previously been devastated by plague became inhabited by Vlach people who would later become known as\u00a0\u0106i\u0107i<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0Istrian Romanians<\/strong>. By bringing their own specific language and sheep-farming tradition, they made a significant contribution to the development of the local culture and way of life.<\/p>\n Brse\u010d<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Mo\u0161\u0107enice<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Ko\u017eljak<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Lovran<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Novac<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Seoba naroda<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Spilje<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Srednji vijek<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Srednji vijek<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Srednji vijek<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”tradition” _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”0dde398e-b9b1-4181-9db9-5507a180521a” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n The traditional life and economy of U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija are the result of a millennia-long coexistence with the local landscape, and the cultural contributions of all the peoples and communities that once lived here.<\/em><\/p>\n In the period that followed the Middle Ages to the modern era, the traditional culture and way of life on U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija assumed their final form. Potato and corn, two vegetables that would play an important role in the agriculture on the mountain and the diet of local people, were brought here from the Americas. Travel writers who visited this area, like Johann Weikhard Valvasor, wrote that on the slopes of Mount U\u010dka\u00a0\u201clie many vineyards, and their grapes are full of good wine\u201c<\/em>. He also described the local people as follows:\u00a0\u201cmany of them make a living from other fruits, such as large, sweet chestnuts that are exported to distant lands, since here grow entire forests of these chestnuts<\/em>\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n This was the time of greatest population density and utilisation of U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija. Villages had up to 600 inhabitants and were characterised by vibrant economic activity. To meet the needs of the people who lived in the valleys, on the coast and in the nearby towns, people on the mountains produced and exported cheese and charcoal, and gathered fruits of the forest. Since the men were working all day long in the fields and pastures, the merchandise was often carried by local women on the back to the market places in Liburnia and Istria.<\/p>\n Today, the cultivated landscape with terraced gardens, karst valleys and pastures, as well as the rich architectural heritage, recall these times and way of life, attesting to the millennia-long tradition of life in this area. Because of their original ambience and architecture, particularly interesting settlements within U\u010dka Nature Park are the villages of\u00a0Lovranska Draga<\/strong>, Mala U\u010dka, Brest pod U\u010dkom and\u00a0Brgudac<\/strong>.\u00a0Among the small abandoned hamlets, one should not forget to mention\u00a0Trebi\u0161\u0107a<\/strong>, Petrebi\u0161\u0107a and Podmaj. Important parts of the local heritage too are the ancient roads and water supply systems, built by the former Austro-Hungarian administration for the needs of local people and travellers, such as the\u00a0Water of Joseph II<\/strong>\u00a0fountain, or the\u00a0<\/span>Korita<\/strong>\u00a0source area.<\/p>\n Pictures: hinterland of Lovran, \u0106i\u0107arija, Korita (troughs), traditional activities, and shepherd\u2019s huts.<\/p>\n Lovranska Draga<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Terasasti vrtovi<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> Marun (Castanea sativa)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li> [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”19th-and-20th-centuries” _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”0dde398e-b9b1-4181-9db9-5507a180521a” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n The development of tourism and mountaineering brings the first visitors and facilities to U\u010dka.<\/em><\/p>\n In the second half of the 19th\u00a0century, the development of transport and civil society within the Austro-Hungarian Empire resulted in the first significant changes in how people from the surrounding areas looked at U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija. The fact that Opatija and Lovran were proclaimed climatic health resorts was also due to the climatic influence and the beauty of the area\u2019s mountainous hinterland. It didn\u2019t take long before tourism started spreading from the coast into the mountains. A report from the first documented ascent of U\u010dka\u2019s highest peak, Vojak, was published in 1852 in Zagreb\u2019s\u00a0Neven<\/em>\u00a0magazine under the title\u00a0Dawn at U\u010dka<\/em>. One of the first mountaineering organisations in this part of Europe, the\u00a0Club Alpino Fiumano<\/em>, was founded in 1885. In 1887, the Crown Princess Stephanie Mountain Hut was built on the Poklon pass, and the first official trail to the peak of Vojak was marked out. In 1911, members of the Austrian Tourist Club finished constructing the stone tower at Vojak. Local people at first looked with distrust at their visitors from the town and their unusual interest in climbing the mountain for no particular reason. However, they soon realised that these visitors, who needed refreshment and accommodation, are a valuable source of income.<\/p>\n During World War Two, the area of U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija was the centre of guerrilla resistance to the occupying forces. This is particularly true of the village of\u00a0Brgudac<\/strong>, which today hosts a memorial centre dedicated to the people\u2019s struggle against fascism. Almost all the villages on U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija have a memorial plate or monument recalling the terror wrought by the German army in the spring of 1944, during its last desperate attempts to break the resistance of the local people.<\/p>\n Pictures: old tourist and hiking photographs, memorial plaques<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”the-mountain-and-the-modern-world” _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”0dde398e-b9b1-4181-9db9-5507a180521a” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.9.2″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.9.3″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n The change in socio-economic conditions resulted in the disappearance of traditional activities on U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija. But the beginning of the 21st\u00a0century marked a reawakening of interest in the local culture and way of life, bringing new hope for their survival.<\/em><\/p>\n Apart from the ravages of World War Two, the most important factor in the disappearance of rural life on U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija in the 20th\u00a0century was the change of social and economic circumstances, resulting in more and more people abandoning their traditional ways and moving to the towns. Many beautiful rural houses and most of the shepherds\u2019 huts are today only ruins. This change did not affect only human communities and culture: pastures, on which today only a few sheep graze compared with the past, are being rapidly overgrown by thicket and macchia. This is resulting in the loss of habitats for many important plant and animal species, and the disappearance of a valuable example of peaceful human coexistence with nature. Pictures: ruined villages, Mira and Massimo, U\u010dka Fair<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.pp-ucka.hr\/2020\/wp-content\/uploads\/kb-1-1.jpg\")
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe beginnings of environmental management<\/h1>\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Bronze Age \u2013 a period of flourishing and turmoil<\/h1>\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPax Romana and the period of abundance<\/h1>\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe Middle Ages<\/h1>\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTradition<\/h1>\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n19th and 20th centuries<\/h1>\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\nThe mountain and the modern world<\/h1>\n
However, today, after the end of the century in which this process began, we can notice a renewal of interest in the traditional culture and way of life, and in authentic, healthier ecological products. This is probably a reaction to the fast-paced modern world of mass production and consumption, and is best reflected in the increasing interest in events aimed at promoting traditional values such as the\u00a0U\u010dka Fair<\/strong>. These values represent a foundation for the development of sustainable tourism in this area: modern visitors appreciate authentic original culture that reflects its roots and origins.
This traditional way of life has not yet been entirely lost \u2013 some sheep still graze on the pastures of U\u010dka and \u0106i\u0107arija, and some households still produce cheese. Old stories, local customs, and even the traditional plant and animal species that used to be cultivated here, are today being collected and preserved thanks to the efforts of local people and experts. The fact that there is a wide interest and awareness about the need to preserve cultural roots and achieve sustainable coexistence with nature in our society gives hope that we will be able to preserve these values and restore the meaning and dignity of the culture and way of life from which they emerged.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t